Sarayın ve kilisenin kalesi Fransız Akademisi, 19. yüzyılda yaşanan modernleşme karşısında sarsılmaya başlar. Bu süreçte ortaya çıkan, dünyaya açık, liberal zihniyetli özel akademiler, millî ve resmî Paris Güzel Sanatlar Okulu’nun katı lonca disiplinine ve dogmalara dayalı eğitimine meydan okur.
Bu özel akademilerin ilkini 1868’de panayır güreşçisi Rodolphe Julian kurar. Güzel Sanatlar Okulu’nun yabancıları ve kadınları atölyelerinden uzak tutan elitist eğitimini, mütevazı kayıt ücretini karşılayabilecek herkese açan Académie Julian, kısa zamanda Seine Nehri’nin iki yakasında toplam on iki atölyeye yayılır. 1959’a kadar ayakta kalan Julian Akademisi, bir asır boyunca elli değişik ülkeden sayısız sanatçıyı misafir eder. Yoklama defterlerinde adları bulunan Renoir, Bonnard, Matisse, Léger ve Duchamp 20. yüzyıl Paris’inin çehresini değiştirirler. Yetenekli gençlere dağıtılan padişah bursuyla Académie Julian’ın kapısını çalan ilk Osmanlı öğrencisi Şeker Ahmed Paşa’dır. Julian’ın Şeker Ahmed’in ardından ağırlayacağı ve aralarında Namık İsmail, Nurullah Berk ve İlhan Koman’ın da bulunduğu farklı kuşaklardan kırktan fazla sanatçı, bu atölyelerden taşıdıkları sanatta modernleşme tohumunu İmparatorluk ve Cumhuriyet topraklarında yeniden filizlendirmek için çalışır.
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